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— Edward L. Palmer

(1933, [–], OR, USA – 1999, [–]) held a Ph.D. in educational measurement and research design from Michigan State University. University appointments from Florida State University, Harvard University, and Annenberg School for Communications at the University of Pennsylvania. He was founder and vice president of research of Children’s Television Workshop (CTW). Participated in the creation of “Sesame Street.”

— Duane M. Palyka

(1944, Pittsburgh, PA, USA) studied mathematics (1962–1965, B.A. 1968) and fine arts (1965–1968, B.F.A. 1969) at Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, and painting at the University of Utah (M.F.A. 1970). 1965 first experiments with computer art. 1968–1976 research associate and systems programmer in computer graphics at the University of Utah, Salt Lake City. 1977–1989 senior research scientist at New York Institute of Technology Computer Graphics Laboratory. 1989–1993 assistant professor at the University of Michigan School of Art. 1994–1998 contract work. 1998–2008 associate professor at the School of Film and Animation at the Rochester Institute of Technology. He lives in Rochester, NY.
Exhib.: 1968, Some More Beginnings, Brooklyn Museum, New York. 1968, Cybernetic Serendipity, Institute of Contemporary Arts, London. 1969, Computer-Kunst. On the Eve of Tomorrow, Kubus, Hannover.
Lit.: D. M. P., “Computer Prints,” in: Jasia Reichardt (ed.), Cybernetic Serendipity, London, 1968, pp. 92f.

— Giulio Paolini

(1940, Genoa, IT) trained as a graphic designer and stage designer. He lives in Turin, IT. 
Exhib.: 1970, Venice Biennale. 1970, Information, The Museum of Modern Art, New York. 1972, documenta 5, Kassel.

— Pino Parini

(1924, Brisighella, IT) studied painting (grad. 1958) and scenography (grad. 1960) at the Accademia di Belle Arti di Bologna. 1962/1963 founding member of Gruppo di ricerca cibernetica. From 1964 taught art education. 1978–1989 taught at the Accademia di Belle Arti di Urbino. From 1982 taught at the Istituto Superiore per le Industrie Artistiche, Urbino. He lives in Rimini, IT.
Exhib.: See: Gruppo di ricerca cibernetica.

— Cord Passow

(1927, Naumburg, DE – 2015, Karlsruhe, DE) studied physics from c. 1949. From c. 1959 worked for the Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY). In 1960 created with Kurd Alsleben drawings with an analog computer. From c. 1968 worked for the Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe, now part of the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology.
Exhib.: 1968, Some More Beginnings, Brooklyn Museum, New York. 1969, Computer-Kunst. On the Eve of Tomorrow, Kubus, Hannover. 1970, Impulse Computerkunst: Graphik, Plastik, Musik, Film, Kunstverein München, Munich.

— Sergej Pavlin

(1929, Ljubljana, today SI) studied at the University of Ljubljana. 1970–1973 active in the computer arts. 1981 visiting professor at Tsinghua University, Beijing. 1982/1983 visiting professor at Technische Universität Graz. 1973–2004 Faculty of Architecture in Ljubljana. He lives in Ljubljana.
Exhib.: 1971, Arteônica – O Uso Criativo dos Meios Eletrônicos em Arte, Sao Paulo.

— Henk Peeters

(1925, The Hague, NL) studied at the Koninklijke Academie voor Beeldende Kunsten, Den Haag. 1957–1972 taught at the Kunstacademie Arnhem. 1958–1960 founding member of the Dutch Informel group with Armando, Kees van Bohemen, Jan Henderikse, and Jan Schoonhoven. 1960–1965 founding member of group Nul with Armando, Jan Henderikse, and Jan Schoonhoven. He lives in Hall, NL.
Exhib.: 1961, Zero. Edition Exposition Demonstration, Galerie Schmela, Düsseldorf. 1962, Nul, Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam. 1962, Anti-Peinture, Hessenhuis, Antwerp.
Lit.: co-publisher of Revue Nul=0 (1961–1965). H. P., Nul: Armando, Henk Peeters, Schoonhoven. Zero: Mack, Piene, Uecker, exhib. cat., Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam, 1962.

— Giuseppe Penone

(1947, Garessio, IT) studied at the Accademia di Belle Arti di Torino (grad. 1970). He lives in San Raffaele Cimena, IT.
Exhib.: 1969, Konzeption – Conception, Städtisches Museum Leverkusen Schloss Morsbroich. 1970, Information, The Museum of Modern Art, New York. 1972, documenta 5, Kassel.

— Luigi Pezzato

(1931, Naples, IT) studied in the metal arts section at the Istituto d’Arte di Napoli, Naples (from 1947, grad. 1954). 1954–1984 worked in the metal arts section at the Istituto d’Arte di Napoli, from 1959 as a teacher. 1970 designed and constructed a spatial structure with mirrors for the Copenhagen head office of Olivetti. 1977 founder of the Agricolart initiative. 
Exhib.: 1961, Premio del Ministero della Pubblica Istruzione, Galleria Nazionale d’Arte Moderna di Roma, Rome.

— Helga Philipp

(1939, Vienna, AT – 2002, Vienna) studied at the Akademie für angewandte Kunst Wien, Vienna (1953–1961). 1965–2002 taught at the Akademie für angewandte Kunst Wien, Vienna.
Exhib.: 1965, Op – Mat II – Kinetik, studio f, Ulm. 1967, Kinetika, Museum des 20. Jahrhunderts, Vienna. 1968, Kinetische Objekte, forum stadtpark, Graz.

— Ivan Picelj

(1924, Okučani, today HR – 2011, Zagreb, HR) studied at the Akademija likovnih umjetnosti u Zagrebu, Zagreb (1943– 1946). 1951–1956 founding member of Exat 51. He lives in Zagreb, HR.
Exhib.: 1959, Bakić – Picelj – Srnec, Galerie Denise René, Paris. 1965, The Responsive Eye, The Museum of Modern Art, New York. 1965, Površine by Ivan Picelj of Yugoslavia, Howard Wise Gallery, New York. 1968, Plus By Minus: Today’s Half-Century, Albright-Knox Art Gallery, Buffalo, NY. See also: Exat 51.
Lit.: See: Exat 51.

— Otto Piene

(1928, Laasphe, DE – 2014, Berlin) studied at the Akademie der Bildenden Künste München, Munich (1949/1950) and the Kunstakademie Düsseldorf (1950–1952). Studied philosophy at the University of Cologne (1953–1957). 1957–1959 member of Gruppe 53. 1957–1966 member of ZERO. 1958–1961 co publisher with Heinz Mack of the magazine ZERO. 1966 moved to New York City. 1974–1994 director of the Center for Advanced Visual Studies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge, MA. He lives in Düsseldorf, DE.
Exhib.: 1959, documenta 2, Kassel. 1960, Monochrome Malerei, Städtisches Museum Leverkusen Schloss Morsbroich. 1960, Konkrete Kunst. 50 Jahre Entwicklung, Helmhaus, Zurich. 1961, Bewogen Beweging, Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam. See also: ZERO.
Lit.: See: ZERO.

— Giovanni Pizzo

(1934, Veroli, IT) holds a teacher’s diploma and moved in 1955 to Rome, where he received additional degrees in fine arts and architecture. 1963 founding member of Gruppo 63 with Lucia Di Luciano, Lia Drei, and Francesco Guerrieri. 1964 founding member of Gruppo operativo R with Carlo Carchietti, Lucia Di Luciano, and Franco di Vito. 1981 co-founder of the cultural association Spaziodocumento. He lives in Formello, IT.

— Marko Pogačnik

(1944, Kranj, today SI) studied at the Akademija za likovno umetnost, Ljubljana (grad. 1967). 1965–1971 member of the group OHO. 1971 founded the community and spiritual center Šempas Family in Šempas, which existed until 1979. He lives in Šempas, SI.
Exhib.: 1970, Information, The Museum of Modern Art, New York. 1971, Septième Biennale de Paris.

— Uli Pohl

(1935, Munich, DE) studied at the Akademie der Bildenden Künste München, Munich, under Ernst Geitlinger. 1967–1971 lecturer at the Hochschule für bildende Künste Hamburg and 1971–1974 at the Hochschule für Gestaltung Bremen. He lives in Blaustein, DE.
Exhib.: 1961, François Morellet, Uli Pohl, Bernhard Sandfort, Studiengalerie, Technische Hochschule Stuttgart. 1961, Zero. Edition Exposition Demonstration, Galerie Schmela, Düsseldorf. 1961, structures. l’art abstrait constructif des pionniers à nos jours, Galerie Denise René, Paris.

— Rogelio Polesello

(1939, Buenos Aires, AR) studied at the Escuela Nacional de Bellas Artes Manuel Belgrano, Buenos Aires, and graduated from the Escuela Nacional de Bellas Artes Prilidiano Pueyrredón, Buenos Aires (1958). 1969 member of Grupo de Arte y Cibernética Buenos Aires. He lives in Buenos Aires.

Exhib. and lit.: See: Grupo de Arte y Cibernética Buenos Aires.

— Frank Popper

(1918, Prague, today CZ) studied literature, sciences of art, and aesthetics. He lived in Paris from 1955. 1970 Ph.D. thesis titled L’art cinétique, naissance d’une nouvelle tendance dans le champ artistique. 1976 professor at the University of Vincennes, now University of Paris VIII. 2006 foundation of the Centre d’Art Contemporain Frank Popper, Marcigny, FR. He lives in Paris.
Lit.: F. P., KunstLichtKunst, exhib. cat., Stedelijk Van Abbemuseum, Eindhoven, 1966. F. P., Naissance de l’art cinétique, Paris, 1967. F. P., Kinetics, exhib. cat., Hayward Gallery, London, 1970.

— Radoslav Putar

(1921, Varaždin, today HR – 1994, Zagreb, HR) studied at the Faculty of Philosophy of the University of Zagreb (grad. 1949). 1951–1961 assistant lecturer in philosophy at the University of Zagreb. 1959 founding member of Gorgona. 1964/1965 headed the information department of the Centar za industrijsko oblikovanje (CIO). 1968–1972 curator at the Muzej za umjetnost i obrt, Zagreb, and 1972–1979 director of the Galerije grada Zagreba. 1972–1978 editor of Spot, a periodical on photography. 1973 founded CEFFT. 1979–1983 director of the Muzej za umjetnost i obrt.
Lit.: R. P., Vizionarna arhitektura, Zagreb, 1963. See also: Gorgona.